Ilungelo revoke waba ekugqibeleni abolished ngowe
Engundoqo Imithetho Sweden ingaba isine kwalomgaqo-siseko nemithetho Ubukumkani Sweden ukuba ukulawula i-Swedish ezopolitiko indlela, isithethi ngendlela efanayo ukuba constitutions ezininzi amazweLa ngamazwi Instrument Karhulumente, Inkululeko Cinezela i-Mthetho, kwalomgaqo-siseko Umthetho kwi Inkululeko yokuthetha kwaye Act ka-Succession. Kunye, baya eyiyo a ezisisiseko-sikhokelo ukuba injalo ngaphezu kwezinye imithetho nokuchaza, kwaye kanjalo chaza oko izivumelwano ingaba ngokwabo ngasentla eqhelekileyo isiswedish umthetho, kodwa subordinate ukuba kwalomgaqo-siseko imithetho, umzekelo European Convention on Yamalungelo Oluntu kwaye eziliqela UN kwaye EU treaties kwaye conventions. I-Epalamente aziphathe idla mbasa ukuba abe halfway phakathi kwalomgaqo-siseko umthetho kwaye eqhelekileyo umthetho, kunye ezithile engundoqo izahluko afforded efanayo protections njengoko kwalomgaqo-siseko nemithetho ngexa enye eyongezelelweyo izahluko kufuna kuphela elula ezasepalamente uninzi. Ukuba yenze utshintsho kuwo okanye revise a kwalomgaqo-siseko umthetho, Riksdag kufuneka kusamkela eso utshintsho kabini u-ibonisa imiqathango kunye umntu majorities, kunye konyulo jikelele xa ebe igcine phakathi kwabo. Ibaluleke kakhulu le kwalomgaqo-siseko nemithetho ingaba Instrument Karhulumente. Oko imisela ngaphandle-siseko engundoqo kuba ezopolitiko ubomi Sweden ukucacisa uxanduva lwemimandla amalungelo neenkululeko. I- Instrument Urhulumente unika amandla ikhomishini prime kulungiselela Riksdag, ngomhla igama elikhethiweyo ka-Usomlomo wendlu Riksdag, abo ukulandela ivoti kwi-Riksdag imiqondiso leta ikomishoni egameni Riksdag. Prime umphathiswa wonyulwa xa uninzi Riksdag ingaba ukuba bavote ngokuchasene nominee, njalo ukwenza oko kunokwenzeka ukuba ifomu minority oorhulumente. Prime umphathiswa amisele amalungu karhulumente, kuquka kweentloko ministries. Urhulumente kunye lugqiba ngemiba emva kokuva ingxelo ka-intloko zokulungiselela abachaphazelekayo. Noko ezintlanu amalungu urhulumente kufuneka abe khona kuba decisional ikhoram ukuba kwenziwa. Enyanisweni, iingxelo abhaliweyo kwaye iingxoxo kakhulu rare ngexesha kulandelwe ikhabhinethi iintlanganiso. Siseko imisebenzi kuba intloko urhulumente, oko kukuthi, umlawuli ophezulu, ukuquka isihloko ikhabhinethi amabhunga (ukumkani dibanisa amalungu karhulumente), isihloko Ibhunga kwi Langaphandle Imicimbi, recognizing entsha cabinets (Council of State), kwaye kuvulwa intlanganiso yonyaka ye-Riksdag. Ukumkani uya okokoko amagqabantshintshi governmental imiba kwi-Kwequmrhu Likarhulumente okanye ngqo yi prime umphathiswa. Wokuqala-siseko Instrument Karhulumente waba owenziwe, ukuphawulwa i-transition ukusuka autocracy ukuba parliamentarism.
Sweden ke bloodless coup d'état ka- waba legitimized yi-Riksdag ye-Estates kwi-ezintsha ze Instrument Karhulumente (kwaye), ukwenza ukumkani '- siseko autocrat'.
Xa zamandulo Isiswedish ilizwe kwi- waba yahlula kwi amaqela amabini, kwaye i-Grand Duchy ka-Finland wenziwa njengoko i-autonomous yinxalenye Russian Empire, eli-siseko autocracy waba kakuhle kakhulu fitted kuba Finland kwaye ahlala kuyo umkhosi de Finland ke ukuzimela ngowe. Kwi-Sweden, ilahleko enyanisweni isiqingatha i-realm kukhokelele omnye bloodless revolution, entsha royal dynasty, kwaye Instrument Karhulumente ka-zintandathu - juni (ngokunjalo omtsha Inkululeko Cofa u-Mthetho kwaye Act ka-Succession). Omtsha Instrument Karhulumente wamisa okunokukhethwa kuko kwamagunya phakathi oluphezulu sebe (ukumkani) kwaye lowiso-mthetho sebe (Riksdag ye-Estates) kwaye wanika ukumkani kwaye Riksdag ye-Estates edibeneyo amandla phezu komthetho wepalamente, kunye ukumkani? ukudlala a central indima karhulumente kodwa ayisasebenzi independently ye-Privy Ibhunga. Ukumkani waba free ukukhetha ooceba, kodwa waba babotshelelwe ukuze yenze isigqibo malunga governmental imicimbi kuphela kobuso Privy Kwibhunga, okanye lweqela elisezantsi zawo, kwaye emva kokuba ingxelo ye uceba ajongene nalo mba kulo mbuzo. I-uceba kwafuneka countersign a royal isigqibo, ngaphandle kokuba kwakunjalo unconstitutional, apho kuya wazuza isemthethweni umkhosi. I-uceba kwaba ngokusemthethweni eliphathiswe yakhe ingcebiso kwaye waba obliged ukuba qaphela yakhe iimpikiswano kwimeko akazange umi kunye ukumkani ke isigqibo. Lo mgaqo-siseko beka considerable de jure amandla ukumkani, kodwa oko kujike kwaba balandela umgaqo-ooceba' ingcebiso.
Ukususela, ukumkani kwenziwa imigaqo parliamentarism ngokukhetha ooceba possessing ngqo okanye ngqo inkxaso evela uninzi Riksdag.
Emva phezu amahlanu kweminyaka de facto parliamentarism, kwakubhaliwe kwi Instrument Karhulumente ka, awathi, nangona technically adherent kwi-siseko nobukumkani, wadala Urhulumente Sweden yakhe langoku-siseko ifomu. Ngo, Riksdag ikuvumile Proposition Ngo, 'A Reformed-Siseko', ukwenza substantial zihlomelo kumthetho Instrument Karhulumente, kwaye enxulumene izenzo.
I utshintsho modernized kwaye esenziwe lula okubhaliweyo jikelele, kwaye kusomeleza eziliqela kwalomgaqo-siseko amalungelo neenkululeko.
Umyalelo wokhuselo ngokuchasene akulunganga-calulo waba eyandisiweyo ukuquka-calulo ngokusekelwe ngesondo uhlengahlengiso. Isihlomelo affirmed luxanduva wonke abasemagunyeni ukukhusela abantwana u-amalungelo, ukukhuthaza nogcino kwaye uphuhliso zilandelayo: minorities' inkcubeko kwaye ulwimi, ukwenza ezikhethekileyo umzekelo-icatshulwe ye-Sami abantu. Kanjalo strengthens-matyala amagunya ukwenza lula kwalatha ukuba ngaba entsha imithetho contravene-siseko okanye umqulu we-ka-kwalomgaqo-siseko Amalungelo European Union. Ezinye ezimbini izenzo chaza inkululeko i-cinezela kunye namanye amaxwebhu ka-intetho. Ngabo bazohlula ezimbini ezahlukeneyo imithetho kakhulu ukugcina tradition ka-Inkululeko Cinezela i-Mthetho ukusuka, largely umsebenzi proto-Liberal Cap Iqela politician Anders Chydenius, apho abolished censorship kwaye enomda kwezixhobo zokusebenza ukuze retroactive amanyathelo asemthethweni kuba criticism ye i-Lutheran imeko yebandla kwaye royal indlu exclusively. Inkululeko Cinezela i-Mthetho itshintshile amaxesha aliqela ukusukela yayo yokuqala incarnation zilandelayo Gustav III ke coup d'etat kwi, Umthetho waba ya ukuze curtail inkululeko i-cinezela, kodwa kwakhona kwi- zilandelayo ukubhukuqa lonyana wakhe, kwaye kamva ya ukuqinisekisa ukuba oku kunjalo kwi, kwaye. Ekunokukhethwa kuko revoke papasha licenses waba retained de emva kwexesha umthetho ka-Charles XIV Uyohane kwaye isetyenziswa widely ngokuchasene Liberal akubantu ezifana Aftonbladet, apho ndabona yayo sephepha-mvume sirhoxisiwe ishumi umphinda-phinde ngo ngowe- yedwa.
Nompapashi Lars Johan Hierta isonjululwe oku ngokudibanisa elahlukileyo eyenani igama Aftonbladet, njalo papasha a formally ezahlukeneyo newspaper.
I- Umthetho igcine umzekelo ukuba inkululeko yokuthetha kwakuza uninhibited, ngaphandle kokuba kuba 'violations', ngokucacileyo oku kubandakanya nonyeliso kwaye criticism yombuso. I-kwalomgaqo-siseko Umthetho kwi Inkululeko yokuthetha ka- yi lengthier uxwebhu ukucacisa uxanduva lwemimandla inkululeko yokuthetha kuzo zonke media ngaphandle kuba ebhalwe iincwadi iimagazini (ezifana radio, lwethelevijini, kwi-Intanethi, njl. njl.) Kwi-th century, emva ko amane iminyaka engama-mixed amava kunye parliamentarism, uluntu ukufikelela wonke amaxwebhu yayiyenye imiba engundoqo kunye Inkululeko Cinezela i-Act ka. Nangona novelty waba ubeke ngaphandle komyalelo, sele ukusukela zihleli central kwi-Swedish mindset, okubonwayo njengokuba forceful kuthetha ngokuchasene urhwaphilizo kwaye ii-arhente zikarhulumente' unequal unyango lwe abemi, ukwanda waqwalasela legitimacy (lwengingqi kwaye central) urhulumente kwaye amalungu ezopolitiko. Umgaqo-Wonke Ufikelelo, njengoko ingqokelela ka-imithetho commonly ekubhekiswe kuye, umisela ukuba lonke ulwazi kwaye amaxwebhu wadala okanye wafumana yi - 'uluntu igunya' (yengingqi okanye central urhulumente, kwaye zonke esidlangalaleni mahlanu engena) kufuneka kufumaneka ukuze onke amalungu oluntu.
Kanjalo ichaza ukuba lonke uluntu-mandla ezohlukeneyo kufuneka anike ulwazi ngoko nangoko phezu isicelo.
Ukukhutshelwa ukusuka ekunene ukufikelela wonke amaxwebhu ichaziwe kwi-Wonke Ukufikelela kulwazi kwaye Isishwankathelo Mthetho apho baphumelela i Isishwankathelo Umthetho ngo.
Umthetho iinkcukacha apho ulwazi ii-arhente zikarhulumente unako ukugcina imfihlo, phantsi ntoni na iimeko, kwaye ngakulo ngaye.
Ngokunxulumene Isahluko, Inqaku ababini Inkululeko Cinezela i-Mthetho: 'ilungelo lokufikelela esemthethweni amaxwebhu zibe enomda kuphela ukuba sesihloko kuyimfuneko ekubeni ngokuphathelele Olu luhlu ngu exhaustive kwaye Ipalamente akavumelekanga ukuba legislate malunga izithintelo ngaphandle ekhaya le uluhlu, kwaye nayiphi na izithintelo kufuneka ibe legislated kwi-Wonke Ukufikelela kulwazi kwaye Isishwankathelo Umthetho ngaphambili ezikhankanyiweyo.
Isishwankathelo ngu limited ukuba ubukhulu ixesha asixhenxe iminyaka (xa enxulumene abantu ukuba ufumana amashumi asixhenxe emva kweminyaka umntu ke ukufa). Sweden ke vula ukusuka elective ukuba hereditary nobukumkani kwi- wanika isizathu Sweden ke lokuqala umthetho-siseko uphawu, ifomu a treaty phakathi royal dynasty kwaye realm bemelwe ezine Estates ibe semthethweni kuba onke amaxesha. Ngokufanelekileyo, ngoku Succession Act ka-yi treaty phakathi ubudala Riksdag ye-Estates kwaye Indlu Bernadotte elawula ilungelo uvume ukuba yinxalenye yengqungquthela isiswedish kwetrone. Ngowe, ubudala-siseko agnatic primogeniture, apho ukuqwalasela okuthethwayo ukuba kwetrone waba njengelifa yi-mdala indoda umntwana ye-awandulela yomlawuli ophezulu, kwakukho indawo ngumthetho-siseko elililo primogeniture. Oku ukuqwalasela okuthethwayo ukuba kwetrone iya kuba njengelifa yi-mdala umntwana ngaphandle ngokuphathelele isini. Ngaloo ndlela Princess Adelaide, oyena mdala umntwana bakakumkani Carl XVI Gustaf ka-Sweden, wenziwa heiress apparent kwi-Swedish phezu kwetrone yakhe younger umntakwabo, kude kube ngoko Kubathwesa Prince Carl Fil. Kwi, emva asixhenxe iminyaka engama-Reformation kwaye Isibali-Reformation kwi-Sweden, adherence kwi-Augsburg vuma waba kugqitywe baze banike-siseko isimo ngomhla Synod ka-Tranas. Ezinxulumeneyo ukuba Tranas Synod kuba ukususela ngoku sele isebenza kwi kwalomgaqo-siseko imithetho, iqwalaselekile Umthetho ka-Succession. Ngowe, Ibandla elaye zahlukane ukusuka urhulumente kwaye waba elizimeleyo umbutho, kodwa ruling umzimba yebandla ingu kugqitywe nge-wonke voting (phakathi amalungu ebandla), kwaye ubukhulu becala iqulathe amaqela ezopolitiko. Ibandla Sweden rhoqo phawula njengokuba semi-imeko yebandla Oku ngenxa yayo kulandelwe ukwahlulwa urhulumente kodwa yayo lasting ties kunye igosa Sweden uninzi iqwalaselekile i-Riksdag kwaye umlawuli ophezulu. Ibandla Sweden kanjalo kuphela unqulo umbutho limiselwe ngumthetho eyakhe umthetho, Ibandla Sweden act, apho uchaza ukuba Ibandla Sweden ubani abe lwentando yesininzi, Lutheran, abantu ke ebandleni. Njengoko ngenxa okunokukhethwa kuko, abantu wazalelwa Sweden apho abazali bamele amalungu Ebandla ka-Sweden ukusukela ayisasebenzi baba ngamalungu ebandla ngokuzenzekelayo ngomhla wokuzalwa. Izilungiso kuwo le kwalomgaqo-siseko nemithetho kufuneka yamkelwa kabini yi-Riksdag kunye elula uninzi votes wakhupha, kunye intervening konyulo. Ngaphakathi elinesihlanu imihla isihlomelo ke kuqala enactment, ubuncinane isinye eshumini sayo yonke MPs nokuzisa isindululo kuba referendum apho kufuneka inkxaso by ubuncinane omnye anesithathu bonke MPs. I-referendum ngu igcine ngaxeshanye kunye Riksdag unyulo kwaye utshintsho lithatyathwa asivunywanga ukuba elula uninzi voters ukwala ngayo, kodwa uninzi yi uninzi zonke semthethweni votes. Ukuba abantu musa yonke imihla utshintsho, uzole ubani abe ratified yi-ngokutsha onyulwe ukuba abe Riksdag. Enjalo referendum ayizange ibisoloko isetyenziswa.
