I-matyala inkqubo Sweden iqulathe umthetho Sweden kwaye inani ii-arhente zikarhulumente inikwe uxanduva lokubhalisa nokuxhasa kunye wokugcina yokhuseleko kwaye umthetho umthetho ngaphakathi kweli lizwe
I-imisebenzi ezi ndawo zibandakanya amapolisa kwaye komthetho, prosecution, iinkundla, kwaye prisons nezinye zezoluleko.
Iinkundla ingaba umahlule kwi ezimbini kunye kwaye ezahlukeneyo iindlela: jikelele iinkundla kuba, ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye iimeko zasekuhlaleni, kwaye general administrative iinkundla kuba iimeko enxulumene disputes phakathi private abantu kwaye abasemagunyeni. Nganye kwezi iindlela sele ezintathu tiers, apho phezulu tier inkundla zahlukeneyo indlela ngokuqhelekileyo kuphela uya kuva iimeko ukuze babe ngoonyana precedent.
Jikelele iinkundla ibandakanye-mthetho iimeko, njenge kho umthetho ichaziwe kwi-Swedish Penal Ikhowudi okanye komnye umthetho, kuba apho isohlwayo ngokungabikho ngu emiselwe (umzekelo, ubusela okanye robbery).
Jikelele iinkundla kanjalo ukuphatha abanye zasekuhlaleni umthetho disputes, umzekelo, disputes phezu imixholo kushishino sivumelwano okanye iimeko enxulumene usapho umthetho, kwaye inani ezinye non-contentious imicimbi efana umntwana ongamzalanga abe ngowakho kwaye ukuqeshwa isemthethweni guardians.
I-general administrative iinkundla ukukhombisa u-numerous iintlobo iimeko enxulumene disputes phakathi private abantu kwaye abasemagunyeni.
Phezu amakhulu amahlanu ezahlukeneyo iintlobo ezininzi ezonakeleyo iimeko ingaba eyabelwe general administrative iinkundla, njenge nezibheno ngokuchasene izigqibo ezenziwe nge - i-Swedish Irhafu i-Arhente okanye isiswedish Loluntu i-Inshorensi-Arhente. Kukho kanjalo inani iinkundla ezikhethekileyo, apho uya kuva a narrower set of iimeko, njengoko kumiselwe phantsi ngumthetho wepalamente. Ngexesha elizimeleyo zabo ulawulo, ezinye zezi iinkundla ingaba mahlanu njengoko izahlulo ngaphakathi iinkundla jikelele okanye general administrative iinkundla. Akhethekileyo iinkundla idla kuba omnye-tier okanye u-tier indlela. Sweden ubani penal umthetho system kwaye zasekuhlaleni umthetho inkqubo kunye nemithetho yenziwe yi-Ipalamente Sweden. Nangona kunjalo, Sweden kanjalo ingaba i-kofakwano inkqubo yolawulo umthetho. Indima-matyala kovavanyo wepalamente ayikho practiced yi-iinkundla endaweni yoko, Ibhunga kwi Umthetho unika i-non-bophelela opinions kwi legality. Iinkundla akunjalo, zibotshiwe yi-precedent, nangona kubalulekile influential. Kubulungiseleli Lobulungisa, ikhabhinethi-inqanaba isebe karhulumente ka-Sweden namakhaya Ngumphathiswa Lobulungisa, ngokukodwa abachaphazelekayo kunye umthetho malunga ezomthetho. Yenkqu ngemini umhla nolawulo iinkundla ngu luxanduva Wesizwe Iinkundla Nolawulo. Emva kokugqiba wabo ngokusemthethweni imfundo, graduates babe ngoonyana lwabagwebi, abatshutshisi, okanye private attorneys. Urhulumente ngu inqununu umqeshi umthetho esikolweni graduates. Iijaji qala zabo career yi-nokufaka isicelo Kubulungiseleli Lobulungisa, abo isamkele malunga amathathu ka-zicelo. Baya begin zabo zoqeqesho njengoko assistants kwaye inkundla clerks kuba malunga amabini eminyaka, waza emva candidates okokuba efanelekileyo uvavanyo, ingaba eyabelwe a wesithili inkundla.
Emva ngokubanzi umqolo we assignments ukuba nibe ngabokugqibela ukuya kwi-iminyaka esibhozo, urhulumente limisela idinga kwaye ukukhuthazwa ziijaji ukuba osisigxina izikhundla.
Appellate lwabagwebi idla kufuneka ulinde kude kube baya kuba amabini iminyaka engama-amava phambi kokuba kutyunjwa. Ukuba onyulwe njengoko i-Appellate Umgwebi, ijaji kufuneka ube echanekileyo ungqinelwano elungileyo nenkululeko amanqaku, iqinile uphando, namaphepha angama-aliqela eminyaka 'notable' litigating amanqaku e-omabini wesithili kwaye appellate iinkundla, kwaye kungokuzithandela inkonzo njengoko ekuboneleleni isemthethweni aid ngokunjalo bust faculty ekuboneleleni lectures e Umthetho Izikolo isiswedish abatshutshisi ingaba abaqondisi-mthetho abo baqeshwa lisebe isiswedish Prosecution Igunya kwaye abo ngqo umsebenzi amapolisa kwilixa malunga buhlungu ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kuzo zonke iimeko, ulwaphulo-mthetho, abatshutshisi ukwenza izigqibo malunga-mthetho kwaye imirhumo egameni loluntu, kwaye kukho kuphela karhulumente amagosa abo banako ukwenza izigqibo ezinjalo - kukho malunga nenkqubo yolawulo olumanyanisiweyo imfuza, kuyanqaphazekaarely isetyenziswa, kuba private abantu ukuba ikho wabucala prosecution ngokunjalo. (Okukodwa ingaba iimeko malunga yolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene inkululeko i-cinezela, apho Chancellor Lobulungisa izenzo njengoko prosecutor.) Kwi-inkundla, prosecutor ayikho necessarily kwi-i-adversarial budlelwane ukuba defendant, kodwa phantsi i-obligation ukukhangela kwaye anike ulwazi ngokucacileyo ngu luncedo i-defendant ngokunjalo yakhe okanye yakhe disadvantage. Akanguye ilungu bench, okanye ingaba yena inxaxheba kwi private deliberations wenkundla. I-prosecutor kanjalo kuphela kawonke-wonke igosa ngubani onako wenze isigqibo isibheno amatyala ukuba iinkundla ka-isibheno. (Ngokunjalo yokhuselo, victims, abameli babo, kunye namanye amaqela ukuba kunjalo unako kanjalo isibheno.) Xa kunjalo wenziwe ukuba kugqitywe nge-inkundla isibheno, ilungelo ukuba awuvumelani nesisigqibo Supreme Inkundla iphumeza ukususela prosecutor ka-oyedwa meko ukuba Prosecutor-Jikelele Sweden. Attorneys kuba i-Swedish Lawyer okanye losapho xa ngabo ungeniswe i-Swedish Bar Association emva kokuba graduate ukusuka umthetho yesikolo njengoko Umgqatswa ka-Mthetho kwaye kufuneka practiced umthetho 'kunye merit' ubuncinane iminyaka emihlanu. Kwi-siseko, akukho monopoly eziphethwe abo bephethe i-isihloko isiswedish Lawyer kwi ekuboneleleni iinkonzo zomthetho kwi-Sweden. A ibhodi isiswedish Bar Association supervises amalungu kwaye babe disqualify umtshutshisi ukusuka practicing umthetho.
I-Prosecutor Jikelele babe isicelo ibhodi thatha inyathelo pursuant kwi-Code kwi-Matyala Nkqubo.
Kwi-Sweden, ukubeka lwabagwebi kuhlala ecaleni elinolwazi lwabagwebi kwi-wesithili kwaye appellate jikelele kwaye yolawulo iinkundla, kodwa isigqibo enyanisweni akukho iimeko zasekuhlaleni. Ukubeka lwabagwebi asoloko kwi-uninzi kwi-wesithili iinkundla, njengoko elinolwazi lwabagwebi basemazweni uninzi kwi-appellate iinkundla.
Likamasipala assemblies atyumbe kubeka lwabagwebi kuba wesithili iinkundla kunye khawunti amabhunga atyumbe kubeka lwabagwebi kuba appellate kwaye khawunti yolawulo kwiinkundla zamatyala.
Baya kutyunjwa isithuba seminyaka emine, kwaye akavumelekanga ukuba ale ukuqeshwa ngaphandle semthethweni kwesizathu ezifana i-kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu eminyaka.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukubeka umgwebi uya kumkhonza ngenye imini ngenyanga kwi-enkundleni ngexesha lakhe okanye kuye umhlaba. Ukubeka lwabagwebi kufuneka isiswedish abemi beli phantsi asixhenxe ubudala.
Abantu ukuba ayikwazi ukubeka lwabagwebi ingaba lwabagwebi, inkundla amagosa, abatshutshisi, amapolisa, attorneys, iingcali owenza-matyala iingxoxo. Enyanisweni, ukubeka lwabagwebi kwi-Sweden ingaba abantu abadala, wealthy, kwaye ngcono educated. Ukubeka lwabagwebi ikholisa amalungu ezopolitiko ukususela wobulali igunya ukusuka apho baya kutyunjwa, wonyulwa kwi indawo ekuyo into ukuba lezopolitiko ukumelwa wokugqibela wobulali konyulo. Jurors abathi isigqibo iimeko ngaphandle ebusweni lwabagwebi ingaba isetyenziswa kuphela kwi-cinezela libel amatyala kunye nezinye iimeko malunga offenses ngokuchasene inkululeko i-cinezela.
Ngaphandle kokuba amaqela uyavuma ukuba waive a jury yovavanyo, umbuzo nokuba okanye hayi ishicilelwe imathiriyali ziphantsi ngaphandle permissible imida ngu zingeniswe kwi-jury ka-ithoba amalungu.
Kwezi iimeko, ezintandathu ithoba jurors kufuneka fumana ngokuchasene defendant, kwaye akavumelekanga ukuba abe overruled kwi iimeko acquittal. Sweden ayina tradition ngokusebenzisa juries ezininzi iintlobo zolwaphulo mthetho okanye zasekuhlaleni linge. uphawulo edingeka kakhulu imibuzo prosecuted ukona phantsi kwalo mthetho ubizwa defamation, nangona ewonke ishumi elinesibhozo offences, kuquka phezulu treason kwaye espionage, ingaba igqunywe. uphawulo luyafuneka Sentencing ingaba sole prerogative ziijaji uphawulo luyafuneka Jurors kutyunjwa nganye khawunti yi-khawunti okanye ibhunga likamasipala kuba zine -unyaka mimiselo, umahlule kwi ezimbini amaqela elinesithandathu kwaye isibhozo jurors, okanye amabini anesine kwaye abalishumi elinesibini jurors kuba Tumba Khawunti, apho jurors ngomnyaka wesibini iqela kufuneka ube okanye zithe kubeka lwabagwebi kwi-nokuqheleka okanye yolawulo kwiinkundla zamatyala. Jury amalungu kufuneka isiswedish abemi beli resident kwi-khawunti apho ityala ubizwa ke, weva, baya kufuneka kuba isandi judgement kwaye waziwa ngokuba kukhuselwa inkululeko zabo kwaye ingqiqo, kwaye zidibene, bamele amele ulungiso loluntu amaqela kwaye opinions, ngokunjalo kuzo zonke iindawo khawunti. Ukususela kweli echibini olukhoyo jurymen inkundla uyayiva kwaye alibabali abo kunye kongquzulwano inzala kwi-kunjalo, emva kokuba defendants kwaye plaintiffs banelungelo ecaleni inani lamalungu, varying yi-khawunti kwaye iqela. Yokugqibela jury, ngoko ke, i-seed engenamkhethe ezikhethiweyo ngo uzoba ka-ilanlekile. I-Chancellor Lobulungisa nguye oyintloko isemthethweni advisor ukuba urhulumente Nomphathiswa, umele Sweden kwiindawo zasekuhlaleni litigation, kwaye kanjalo sele oversight uxanduva efanayo ukuba i-osayilwayo weofisi kanozikhalazo. I-Chancellor kanjalo ingaba imisebenzi ngokumayela Inkululeko Cinezela i-Mthetho kwaye kwalomgaqo-siseko Nemithetho kwi Inkululeko yokuthetha, zimbini ezine constituent amaqhekeza aye lomgaqo-Siseko Sweden. Isemthethweni imfundo kwi-Sweden iziphumo kwi-master umthetho iqondo emva malunga - iminyaka engama-nzulu. Sweden sele eziliqela umthetho izikolo: urhulumente umgaqo umqeshi umthetho esikolweni graduates. Xa kuthelekiswa kunye namanye amazwe, inani attorneys yangasese senzo incinci. Kukho kuphela malunga anamashumi umthetho professors kwi-Sweden Eyona umzimba kuba komthetho kwi-Sweden yi-Swedish Amapolisa Igunya. De eliphakathi th century, isiswedish amapolisa baba decentralized, unprofessional, kwaye disorganized. ngokwamazwi abo Emva nzulu ngowe- elicetyiswayo nationalization, amapolisa inkonzo waba centralized kwi-yowe.
Entolongweni kwaye Cyobulingwa Inkonzo yi-government-arhente uphatho prisons kwi-Sweden.
Kubulungiseleli Lobulungisa, ikhabhinethi-inqanaba isebe karhulumente ka-Sweden namakhaya Ngumphathiswa Lobulungisa, okokuqala abachaphazelekayo kunye umthetho malunga komthetho. Yenkqu ngemini umhla yolawulo luxanduva isiswedish Amapolisa Igunya.
